• Gram-positive bacteria – Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria with thicker peptidoglycan (bacteria-made polymer) cell walls than Gram-negative bacteria. The “Gram” refers to the Gram stain, which stains peptidoglycan and therefore will show up as a positive staining on bacteria with a thicker cell wall, hence “Gram-positive” 
• Steroidal antibiotic – An antibiotic which contains within its molecular structure a steroidal ring 
• Elongation factor – A protein that functions at the ribosome during protein synthesis, where it helps in the translation of mRNA into a full polypeptide, or protein 
• Beta-lactam antibiotic – An antibiotic which contains within its molecular structure a beta-lactam ring 
• Antibiotic resistance – A phenomenon where bacteria no longer respond to antibiotic medicines 
• Semisynthetic – (When regarding antibiotics) A derivative of a natural antibiotic, chemically modified to enhance its stability and action 
• Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) – The non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes 
• Transformation – The uptake of free DNA from the environment by bacteria 
• Conjugation – the transfer of bacterial plasmids between individual bacteria 
• Plasmid – a small circular DNA molecule, found in bacteria and other microorganisms, that is physically separate from chromosomal DNA and replicates independently 
• Lysogenic conversion – Where DNA from a bacteriophage is inserted into the bacterial genome during infection, and is then repackaged back into the bacteriophage accidentally taking along with it DNA from the bacteria, where the bacteriophage then goes to infect another bacterium 
• Bacteriophage – A type of virus that infects bacteria 

• Lytic bacteriophage – A type of bacteriophage that infects and replicates within a bacterium, then lysing or bursting this host cell 
• Lysogenic bacteriophage – A type of bacteriophage that infects a bacterium, and incorporates its DNA into the host genome where it is passed on to subsequent generations, becoming a prophage. Environmental stress e.g. starvation, exposure to toxic chemicals, can excise this prophage from the host genome where it then enters a lytic cycle like a lytic phage would 
• Topical – Applied directly to a part of the body 
• Intramuscular – Delivered directly within or into the muscle, usually via injection 
• Subcutaneous – Delivered under the skin, usually via injection 
• Intraperitoneal – Delivered through the peritoneum, a thin transparent membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity, usually via injection 
• Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS) – A phenomenon where phages are especially effective against bacteria when combined with antibiotics